Domestic violence vs law enforcement Research Paper

Domestic violence vs law enforcement - Research Paper Example â€Å"Domestic violence includes abuse inflicted on spouses; children; older or otherwise vulnerable adults, including parents; and any other persons similarly situated to a spouse, child, or parent. The abusive conduct may be physical, sexual, emotional, or financial† (Kruger & Valltos). Historically, domestic violence has been treated differently by different people because of different religious beliefs and cultures. For example, in Islamic beliefs, the women are not getting enough freedom and the males often tortured their wives. It was/is difficult for a Muslim woman living in a fundamental society to register a complaint against her husband with respect to domestic violence. Male domination was so prominent earlier and not only in Muslim cultures, but even in other cultures also, women were afraid of registering complaints about their husbands. However, such beliefs are slowly diminishing and because of the efforts of feminists and currently women see no dangers in regis tering complaints about the abusive behaviors of their partners. â€Å"In the last twenty years public pressure to recognize domestic violence as a crime, rather than a family problem continued to grow due to educational efforts by victims and advocates†(Hunt, p.ii). ... He will try to incorporate such experiences with every domestic violence incident he may investigate. Thus he will quite often fail to find out the nature of the crime or the actual culprit responsible for the crime. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." If a woman can prove that a police department has a gender-based policy of refusing to arrest men who abuse their wives, she can claim that the policy is based on gender stereotypes and therefore violates the equal protection laws (Domestic Violence—The Laws and the Courts - Landmark Legal Decisions) Different states have different laws with respect to domestic violence. Some states treat even simple domestic problems as serious cases whereas some other states may neglect simple incidents with respect to domestic violence. However, in most of the cases, arrests are common for serious domestic violence c ases. Probation, treatment programs, fines, paying restitution to the victim, jail sentence etc are some of the common means of punishing the culprits in domestic violence cases. Alcohol addiction or drug addiction can cause domestic violence. In such cases, punishments will never be an option; the law enforcing agencies opt for treatment programs in such cases. Counseling is another major option available in solving domestic violence cases. In most of the cases, the family members engage is violent activities because of the momentary loss of control or short temper. In such cases, it is unwise to punish the criminal since the punishment will generate vengeance in the mind of the criminal and he/she will never

Foreign Policy in the US Essay Example for Free

Foreign Policy in the US Essay

Types Of Goods In Economics Economics Essay

Types Of Goods In Economics Economics Essay Demand is the desire to own anything, and the ability to own for it. Demand is the relationship between two variables. The price and the quantity demanded. The Law of Demand States That as the price of the goods services increases consumer demand for the goods services decreases vice versa. Law Of Demand Lets take an example of pizza, the consumers of the pizza increases as the price of the pizza decreases same as the consumers of the pizza decreases as the price of pizza increases, this follows the law of Demand. Lets take another example of butter when the price of the butter gets increases consumers switched to its substitute margarine, means when the price of the Products started increasing consumers started moving towards the substitute of the Products. INFERIOR GOODS: Inferior goods are those goods whose demands decrease when the income of the consumer increases and vice versa. Inferior goods are unlike normal goods which are opposite in nature, Normal goods are those whose demand increases when the income of the consumers increases and vice versa. An example of inferior good is old car , consumers will generally prefer old cars when their income is limited. As the income of the consumers increases the demand for the old cars will decrease while the demand for the costly car increases so the cheaper cars are the inferior goods. Bus services is also an example of the inferior good, this form of transportation is cheaper then air and train transportation. When the income of the consumers is limited then travelling by bus is more acceptable while it is more time consuming but when money is more abundant then time then faster transport will be choosen by the consumer. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Inferior_good.png Good Y is a normal good since the amount purchase increases from Y1 to Y2 as the budget constraint shifts from BC1 to the higher income BC2. Good X is an inferior good since the amount bought decreases from X! to X2 as income decreases. Giffen Goods: Giffen good is one which people consumes more of as their price rises. in giffen good situation income effects dominate, leading people to buy more of the goods even as its price rises. As in Demand price and quantity demanded pull in opposite direction, if price goes up, then quantity demanded goes down, or vice versa. Giffen goods are an exception to this, their price elasticity of demand is positive, when price goes up, the quantity demanded also goes up and vice versa. In order to be a true giffen good, price must be the only thing that changes to get a change in quantity demand. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDQLhzwcQ0-_rRjKgfEa5H6cyWESqkk4d5i0hHd0x6JYfPLKoY4grIm3_TtluQIonf0KQEC0VMUQdJeJ-D8GsNXaMab0nGUpv4iWFHF4nt_-6knTFtNODNRYydcifqYnNucRCwYl8sIKsI/s400/giffen+good.jpg http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199586547/01student/advanced/figures/fig022.jpg In the case of a Giffen product the income effect leads to a fall in the quantity demanded. This means that following a price fall the overall the quantity demanded falls. This means the demand curve is upward sloping. This is shown in the diagram above. File:Types of goods.svg TYPES OF GOODS IN ECONOMICS All Giffen goods are inferior goods but not all inferior goods are Giffen goods. Giffen goods are difficult to find because a number of conditions must be satisfied for the associated behavior to be observed. One reason for the difficulty in finding Giffen goods is Giffen originally envisioned a specific situation faced by individuals in a state of poverty. Modern consumer behaviour research methods often deal in aggregates that average out income levels and are too blunt an instrument to capture these specific situations. Furthermore, complicating the matter are the requirements for limited availability of substitutes, as well as that the consumers are not so poor that they can only afford the inferior good Some types of premium goods (such as expensive French wines, or celebrity-endorsed perfumes) are sometimes claimed to be Giffen goods. It is claimed that lowering the price of these high status goods can decrease demand because they are no longer perceived as exclusive or high status products. However, the perceived nature of such high status goods changes significantly with a substantial price drop. This disqualifies them from being considered as Giffen goods, because the Giffen goods analysis assumes that only the consumers income or the relative price level changes, not the nature of the good itself. If a price change modifies consumers perception of the good, they should be analyzed as Veblen goods. Some economists question the empirical validity of the distinction between Giffen and Veblen goods, arguing that whenever there is a substantial change in the price of a good its perceived nature also changes, since price is a large part of what constitutes a product However the theor etical distinction between the two types of analysis remains clear; which one of them should be applied to any actual case is an empirical matter. A Giffen good is one which people consume more of as price rises, violating the law of demand. In normal situations, as the price of such a good rises, the substitution effect causes people to purchase less of it and more of substitute goods. In the Giffen good situation, cheaper close substitutes are not available. Because of the lack of substitutes, the income effect dominates, leading people to buy more of the good, even as its price rises. An inferior good is a good that decreases in demand when consumer income rises, unlike normal goods, for which the opposite is observed. Normal goods are those for which consumers demand increases when their income increases. Inferiority, in this sense, is an observable fact relating to affordability rather than a statement about the quality of the good. As a rule, too much of a good thing is easily achieved with such goods, and as more costly substitutes that offer more pleasure or at least variety become available, the use of the inferior goods diminishes. Depending on consumer or market indifference curves, the amount of a good bought can increase, decrease, or stay the same when income increases. For inferior goods the demand decreases as income increases since when u get richer u go for nicer things eg tesco value tights. the poorer u are the more you did demand for it cause u cant afford anything else, whereas MS tights would be in higher demand with increase in income cause they are nicer. Giffen goods are exactly opposite people want more of it with higher income Example a posh car. The richer u is the more likely u is to be able to afford it so the higher the demand in the economy as a WHOLE.

The World of Transgender, Homosexual, and Intersex Individuals Essay ex

Sex and gender make up one of the most basic functions in our society. Gender helps delineate tasks and how we refer to people, and is reinforced for us throughout our lives (Lorber 2006). Gender interacts with sex in varying ways (Disch 2006). Those who are not strictly heterosexual male or female are not readily accepted and face adversity as they bend gender and defy sex. It has long been debated whether there is a difference between sex and gender, and if so, what that difference is. In recent years it has been suggested that sex is a purely biological term, and gender is socially constructed, or defined and enforced by society. Sex is assigned at birth based on the genitalia, and usually, gender is determined by the sex. If parents are told their baby is a girl, they will reinforce traditional female stereotypes for her whole life. Society and peers will also help to reinforce her gender as she begins to spend more time outside of her immediate family. In this way, gender is a process, whereas sex is simply a static characteristic based on one’s physical appearance. The more dynamic process of gendering, however, defines â€Å"man† and â€Å"woman,† teaches one to see and internalize what is expected from one’s gender, and to act according to those expectations (Lorber 2006). When one’s biological sex and one’s internal gender are the same (a female with a vagina or a male with a penis), one is cissexual, or non-transgender. However, when one is born with the inappropriate sexual equipment, one is transgender, or one who feels one gender but has the sex organs of the other. The misalignment of sexual and gender identities raises a puzzling question. If gender is solely based on one’s genitalia, as biological determi... ... eschew them as I examine the world from other perspectives. It is still difficult to avoid this white privilege in looking at the world around me, but I have realized how lucky I am, and have become more interested in those unlike myself. I look forward to learning more about the diversity of our world throughout the rest of this class. Works Cited Associated Press. 2005. â€Å"Boi or grrl? Pop culture redefining gender.† MSNBC, October 1. Retrieved October 13, 2007 (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9556134/). Goldberg, Alan. (Producer). 2007, April 25. 20/20: My secret self [Television broadcast]. ABC News. Lane, Ruth. 2007. â€Å"Book excels in gender issues: Encourages student in identifying, coping during changes.† The Spectator, September 27, 6B. Lauer, Jeanette C. and Robert H. Lauer. 2006. Social Problems and the Quality of Life. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

System Software & Application Software

TABLE OF CONTENTS [pic] 1) Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P. 2 2) Identify Software Categories 1. Definition of System Software†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 3-4 2. Definition of Application Software†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. P. 5 3. The difference between system software and application software†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 6-7 3) Two examples of system software and the benefits 1. Microsoft Windows 7†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 8-12 2. Mac OSX†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 13-14 4) Two examples of application software and the benefits 1. Excel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 15-16 2. PowerPoint †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. P. 17-18 5) Five Features of Microsoft Word†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 19-20 1. Copy and Paste 2. Spell Checker 3. Find and Replace 4. Add Bullets and Number 5. Mail Merge 6) Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P. 21 1. INTRODUCTION [pic] Christy is our new customer and she is a beginner for using computer. Base on her situation, I would like to introduce some kinds of software suit her. For better customer service, I will explain the background information & benefits details for her. For a good start , I have chosen the most popular and latest version of the operation system; Microsoft Window 7 and Mac OS X, they are easy to learn and simple to use. Moreover, Microsoft Office is a useful, most common and user-friendly application package for a starter. Excel, is an electronic spreadsheet program which help you to handle all your data. PowerPoint is a complete and professional presentation package. These are the essential tools for her first step in entering the computer world. 2. IDENTIFY SOFTWARE CATEGORIES [pic] Software (Computer Software) is often divided into two categories: †¢ System Software †¢ Application Software 1. Definition of System software System Software used to operate the computer hardware, to provide resources and maintain a platform for running application programs. The set of instructions or programs of System Software can make up or create a basic environment for the applications software to work. They are responsible for controlling, integrating and managing the individual hardware components. Actually, it runs at the most basic level of your computer and the background; it is called â€Å"low-level† software. It generates the user interface and allows the operating system to interact with the hardware. It can be seen as the basics of a computer which come built-in or pre-installed. †¢ Types of system software †¢ Computer BIOS and device firmware, which is stored on non-volatile memory. They provide basic functionality to operate and control hardware connected to or built into the computer. †¢ The operating system (such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux), which supervise and control of the input and output of data from the computer and the others peripherals. It can be allows to transfer data between memory and disks or rendering output onto a display device. It provides a platform to run high-level system software and application software. And also it handles error routines, communication with the operator; ensure the efficient use of the CPU and the other devices. †¢ Utility software, which helps to analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer. 2. IDENTIFY SOFTWARE CATEGORIES [pic] [pic] [pic][pic] 2. IDENTIFY SOFTWARE CATEGORIES [pic] 2. Definition of Application software Application Software is a computer program designed to help the user perform a particular task or a certain type of work. This is a set of programs, which will comply with the user’s requirement. An application allows users to accomplish more than one specific function, such as a word processor, web browsers, e-mail programs, databases, desk top publishing, digital image and voice processing. Multiple applications bundled together as a package referred as an application suite. One typical example is MS Office, which bundles together with word processor, a spreadsheet, and several other discrete applications. The tailors systems can meet the user's specific needs, for example the accounting system or inventory system. [pic] [pic] 2. IDENTIFY SOFTWARE CATEGORIES [pic] 2. 3. The difference between system software and application software System software consists of programs that run in the background, enabling applications to work smoothly. These programs include assemblers, compilers, file management tools, and the operating system itself. While system software is automatically installed with the operating system, you can choose which application you want to install. Application software is different from system software or middleware, which is involved in integrating a computer various capabilities, but typically does not directly apply to the performance of tasks. The purpose of system software is to insulate the application program as much as possible from the details of the particular computer complex, especially memory and other hardware features. Such accessory devices are communications, printers, readers, displays, keyboards, etc. Application software is often purchased separately from computer hardware. Sometimes applications are bundled with the computer but they always run as independent applications, since they are often tailored for specific platforms. The separate applications in a suite usually have many common user interfaces which make it easier to learn and use and they may interact with each other. For example: PowerPoint file can be combining with a spreadsheet and a word documents. Therefore, application software determines what processing is done by the computer. System software determines how that processing will be done. 2. IDENTIFY SOFTWARE CATEGORIES [pic] 2. 3. The difference between system software and application software pic] Operating System and Application Software This diagram shows the components of the operating system and typical application programs that run in a desktop computer. 3. Two examples of system software and the benefits [pic] One of software categories is system software; the most important type is operating system (OS) . It is an interface be tween hardware and users, responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources. Base on the above criteria, I have selected two typical and common examples, which are Microsoft Windows 7 and Mac OS X. [pic] A layer structure showing where operating system is located on generally used software systems on desktops. 1. Microsoft Windows 7 Nowadays Microsoft Windows dominates the personal computer world, it shares nearly 90% of PC market. Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. Windows 7 is the latest public release version of Microsoft Windows, it can be applied to home and business desktops, laptops, notebooks, netbook, tablet PCs, and media center PCs. Windows 7 aim at â€Å"making your PC simpler. , it was released on October 2009. It was designed for different types of market ,such as Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate. 3. Two examples of system software and the benefits [pic] Windows 7 would be more â€Å"user-centric† and focus on performance improvements. Microsoft was using a variety method to trace and measure the performance. On the other wor ds, it is not only compatible with Vista and designate that it would be a refined version of Windows Vista. Benefits & Features: â€Å"Windows 7 simplifies everyday tasks† Windows 7 includes a number of new features, it provides the better ways to find and manage files, helping you speed up tasks; like Jump Lists and improved taskbar previews. It's designed for faster and more reliable performance and follows the way you want it to. It takes full support and advantages of the 64-bit. It also makes many new things possible, for instance HomeGroup, Windows Media Center and Windows Touch. Key performance improvements: ? Design to sleep, resume, and reconnect to your wireless network more quickly. ? When hunting for answer, search faster. Sorting and grouping of search results is also significantly quicker. ? Plug in a portable flash drive or other USB devices; get ready in seconds or even shorter. ? Be less memory hungry and less busy that can boost up the overall performance. Windows  7 is designed to run speed-sapping background services only when you need them. ? Browse online newspapers, flick through photo albums, and shuffle files and folders. Windows Touch is fully embrace multitouch technology, easy and fun to use. 3. Two examples of system software and the benefits [pic] The Important Features: ? HomeGroup [pic] Connecting two or more PCs, HomeGroup makes it easy to automatically start sharing your music, picture, video, and files with other people. Concerned about privacy and security control, we have password-protected. You can decide what keeps private, read-only files and share to others. ? Jump Lists [pic] Jump Lists not only show shortcuts to files, they also can provide a method of speedy access. Just simply right-click a program icon on the taskbar and you can find the documents, pictures, songs, or websites that you use each day. The Jump List for Windows Media Player  12 lists commonly-played tunes. Internet Explorer  8 shows all you frequently-viewed websites. You can pin whatever files you like. 3. Two examples of system software and the benefits [pic] ? Snap, Peek and Shake [pic] [pic] [pic] Snap gives you a new and quick way to resize open windows, simply by dragging them to the edges of your screen; you can make it expand vertically. Peek gives you the power of X-ray vision, so you can peer past all your open windows straight to your desktop. Shake, it’s a quick way to minimize all open windows on the desktop except the one you want to use. ? Windows Live Essentials [pic] Windows  Live Essentials – the free software that let user do more great things. Things like e-mail, instant messaging, photo editing and blogging. Download from the Windows Live website. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Messenger Photo Gallery Mail Writer Movie Maker Family Safety Toolbar 3. Two examples of system software and the benefits [pic] ? Windows Search [pic] â€Å"Find more things in more places—and do it faster. † Typing the key words in search box and search in different location, it will show you a list of relevant documents, pictures, music, and e-mail on screen instantly. The searched results are grouped by date, file type and category, it contain highlighted keywords and text snippets to make them easier to scan. ? Windows Taskbar [pic] â€Å"Better thumbnail previews, easier-to-see icons, flexible, powerful and more ways to customize† Taskbar is the familiar place for switching between windows. You can pin and rearrange your favorite programs anywhere on the taskbar for easy access. 3. Two examples of system software and the benefits [pic] 2. Mac OS X Mac OS X is the newest version of Apple Inc. ‘s Mac OS line of operating systems. Most of the Macintosh owners are using this version. Darwin is not only built on a rock-solid, time-tested UNIX foundation that provides unparalleled stability; it also delivers incredible performance, stunning graphics, and industry-leading support for Internet standards. It makes the Mac innovative, highly secure, compatible, and easy to use and incredibly powerful. Benefits & Features: ? Power of UNIX – Simplicity of the Mac When you start up your Mac to the applications you use, which is designed with simplicity and elegance in mind. Whatever you’re browsing the web, checking your email, or video chatting with a friend on another continent, getting things done is at once easy to learn, simple to perform, and fun to do. ? Perfect integration of hardware and software Since the software on every Mac is created by the same company and you can get an integrated system in which everything works together perfectly. It takes full support of the 64-bit, multicore processors and GPUs to deliver the greatest possible performance. The built-in iSight camera works seamlessly with the iChat software so you can start your video chat. Your Mac notebook includes a Multi-Touch track pad that supports pinching, swiping, and other gestures. The OS will wisely decide whether the CPU or GPU is best for a task and dim the screen in low-light conditions automatically, so that it will increase the battery life. ? Elegant interface and stunning graphics User interface is the remarkable feature of a Mac and made possible by advanced graphics technologies. These technologies provide the power such as multiway chatting, real-time reflections, and smooth animations. Fonts on the screen look beautiful and extremely readable. A soft drop shadow makes it clear at a glance 3. Two examples of system software and the benefits [pic] which window is active and which ones are in the background. You can preview the file using Quick Look, it is high resolution and fine to read. You can create and view the PDF from almost any application in the system. ? Highly secure by design Mac OS X doesn’t get PC viruses. And with virtually no effort on your part, Mac OS X protects itself by offering a variety of sophisticated technologies that help keep you safe from online threats. Mac contains a secure configuration and Apple responds quickly to online threats and automatically delivers security updates. ? Built for compatibility The versatility and power of Mac OS X make it compatible in almost any environment, including Windows networks. User can work with most type of digital cameras, printers, and other peripherals. It can open the common file types such as JPG, MP3, Word, Excel, and PowerPoint documents. ? Innovation for anyone need Mac OS X provides and support with a wide range of assistive technologies that help people with disabilities. For example, the built-in VoiceOver screen-reading technology makes it possible for those who are blind or have low vision to control their computer using key commands or gestures on a Multi-Touch track pad. Mac OS X also offers out-of-the-box support for over 40 braille displays, including Bluetooth displays, and many other accessibility features, such as dynamic full-screen magnification, playback of closed captions, and a scalable screen. ? Reliable to the core The core of Mac OS X is built on the same UNIX foundation. Even upgrading your Mac to the next version of Mac OS X is reliable, easy and compatible. Even better, it doesn’t need to reformat your drive and you can keep all your applications, files, and settings. Furthermore, the Time Machine of Mac will do automatic backups of your drive. . Two examples of application software and the benefits [pic] Another software category is application software. For our new customer, I have selected two popular, practical and powerful programs for her daily operation; Excel and PowerPoint are fully featured and the basic tools for Microsoft Office. 1. Excel Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet program; you can enter numerical values or data into the rows or columns of a spreadsheet, and to use for calculating, sorting, organizing and manipulating data. It can produce graphs, statistical analysis and reports etc. When you look at the Excel screen, you can see a rectangular table or grid of rows and columns. The horizontal rows are identified by numbers (1,2,3 ¦) and the vertical columns with letters of the alphabet (A,B,C†¦AA,AB,AC). The intersection point between a column and a row is a small rectangular box known as a â€Å"Cell†. Each is a basic unit and given an address to identify it, such as A3, B6, AA345. Features & Benefits: ? Data Types, Formulas, and Functions The types of data that a cell can hold include numbers, text or formulas. Formulas are used for calculations, usually involving data contained in other cells. Excel includes a number of built in formulas used for common tasks known as functions. Some of the following commands are: †¢ AutoSum †¢ Align Cell Entries †¢ Copy, Cut, Paste, and Cell Addressing & Formatting †¢ Insert and Delete Columns and Rows †¢ Create Header, Footer, Borders and Layout †¢ Merge and Center 4. Two examples of application software and the benefits [pic] ? Financial Data Spreadsheets are often used to store financial data. Formulas and functions that are used on this type of data include: 1. Performing basic mathematical operations such as summing columns and rows of figures. 2. Finding values such as profit or loss. . Calculating repayment plans for loans or mortgages. 4. Finding the average, maximum, or minimum values in a specified range of data. ? Other Uses Excel can be used for other operations: 1. Creating Charts and Graphics, which assist users in identifying data trends. You can choose from a variety of chart types, such as co lumn, line, pie, bar, area, and scatter. Your chart will automatically update when you change your data. 2. Sorting and filtering data to find specific information. The information store in a spreadsheet can easily be incorporated into electronic presentations, web pages or report printing. . Two examples of application software and the benefits [pic] 1. Power Point 1. What is PowerPoint? Microsoft PowerPoint is a complete presentation graphics package. PowerPoint offers word processing, outlining, drawing, graphing, and presentation management tools, it designed for you to produce a professional-looking presentation. PowerPoint uses a graphical approach to presentations in the form of slide shows. This program is widely used in business and classrooms and is an effective tool when used for training purposes. It is the number ONE presentation tools for worldwide. Anyone can easily create & design their professional presentations. PowerPoint can be made into photo albums, comply with music and veido. For business field, it can easily to add an illustrative chart of data or an organizational chart of company's structure. It can make your presentation into a web page for emailing purposes, as a promotion displayed on your company's website. It is familiar to customize presentations with your company logo and clip-art. You can use many pre-designed templates and search for more beautiful templates from different websites. In addition, it can provide and print out the handouts and outlines for public. And also the notes pages for the speaker that is useful during the presentation. All in all, PowerPoint is a â€Å"one-stop-shop† application to create successful presentations for the business world, the classroom or just for your own personal use. 4. Two examples of application software and the benefits [pic] 2. Power Point ? The overview of the benefits and features in PowerPoint: †¢ When you create a presentation using PowerPoint, the presentation is made up of a series of slides. It can present as overhead transparencies. Beside that you can print handouts, outlines, and speaker's notes. †¢ Slide Master, powerful tools to format all the slides in a presentation. †¢ Store the whole presentation in a single file, includes all the slides, background music, video, speaker's notes and handouts. †¢ Import the files from other MS Office products, such as Word and Excel. 5. FIVE FE ATURES OF MS WORD [pic] MS Word is a typical example of word processing program; it is the most familiar application software. You can use it to create, edit, format, print and store all types of letters, reports, and documents. Word contains a concept of â€Å"What you see is what you get†. Here are the five common features and their benefits as below: 5. 1. Copy and Paste User can copy text form one area of the documents and stores the data on the Clipboard. So it can be placed to anywhere in the same or another document. This feature is really helping you to save times of typing and more accurately and efficiently. 5. 2. Spell Checker This feature is a great helper for user; it allows you to check your spelling and grammar mistakes as you type. For the spelling errors, it displays with a red wavy line under the word. For showing of the grammar errors, it displays with a green wavy line under the word. When it checks against with the dictionary, if the word is misspelled, it will be highlighted on the screen and noted. Then the feature gives you the suggestions of the correct words. The program will also recognize the special name or words that you have already added in your personal dictionary. 5. 3. Find and Replace When you need to search a particular word or phrase in your document, especially useful for working with a large file or limited and selected area, you can use the â€Å"Find† command. Basically it will scan the whole document and highlighted the word or phrase that you search. Then user can execute the â€Å"Replace† command to replace one word or all the words with the new text. 5. FIVE FEATURES OF MS WORD [pic] 5. 4. Add Bullets and Numbers If you have lists of data or a group of items, you may want to bullet or number them. When using this command, you can easily create bulleted or numbered lists of items. Various bulleting and numbering styles or formats, in the Bullet library, are available for your selection. Examples: Bulleting Examples: Numbering pic] [pic] 5. 5. Mail Merge Mail merge can be used for creating many documents that contain identical information and where each document contains unique elements. Firstly, you prepare the template that contains the same version information. Then you add some placeholders from the data source (such as name, address or serial number) that is unique to each version. When producing of a large number of letters (message, label, envelope or numbered coupon) for mass mailing purpose, it can help to reduce your workload and diminish the duplicate work. 6. CONCLUSION [pic] After considering all criteria, I recommend Christy to choose Microsoft Window 7. This operation system is powerful, user friendly and compliable. Most importantly, it is suitable for beginners to work efficiently and explore the computer world. Furthermore, Excel & PowerPoint are also useful applications for personal & office use. After taking my advice, I am sure Christy will have lots of enjoyment of her computer life and improvement in managing her daily work. References 1. Software Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved January 18,2010,from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/System 2. Operating system – Computer Definition. Retrieved January 19,2010,from http://www. yourdictionary. com/computer/operating-system 3. Application software – Definition. Retrieved January 19,2010,from http://www. wordiq. com/definition/Application_software 4. Windows 7 features – Microsoft Windows. Retrieved January 21,2010,from http://windows. microsoft. com/en-us/windows7/products/features 5. Apple – Mac OS X – What is Mac OS X ? Retrieved January 21,2010,from http://www. apple. com/macosx/what-is-macosx 6. What is Excel. Retrieved January 22,2010,from http://serc. carleton. edu/introgeo/mathstatmodels/UsingXL. tml 7. What is Microsoft Excel – What is Excel – What is Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets. Retrieved January 22,2010,from http://spreadsheets. about. com/od/tipsandfaqs/f/excel_use. htm 8. What is Microsoft PowerPoint? – How Do I Use PowerPoint? Retrieved January 23,2010,from http://presentationsoft. about. com/od/powerpointti psandfaqs/f/ppt_overview. htm 9. Microsoft Word 2007 Tutorial—Free & Online. Retrieved January 24,2010,from http://www. baycongroup. com/wlesson0. htm [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] ———————– Types of System Software Types of application software:

Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis Cystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis is the second most common inherited disorder occurring in kids in the United States today. It is a life-long disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs and digestive system. More than 10 million Americans carry the defective Cystic Fibrosis gene without knowing (Gibbons). One in every twenty people is a carrier. The ethnic group that has the highest risk of inheriting Cystic Fibrosis is Caucasians, whereas Asian Americans have the lowest risk of developing the disorder. The symptoms of the disorder are never the same for everyone. They depend on the severity of the disorder, and can get increasingly worse over time. Doctors use many methods in order to diagnose Cystic Fibrosis, and there are many treatments and airway clearance techniques available to the patients. These treatments ease the symptoms of the disorder. Diagnosing and treating Cystic Fibrosis has improved rapidly over the years, and doctors have developed new treatments to help expand patient's lives.Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited disease that affects the cells in the epithelium that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. Instead of the mucus, sweat and the digestive juices lining organs, they become thick and sticky and block passageways within the body. People who inherit Cystic Fibrosis get two faulty genes, one from their mother, and one from their father ("Cystic Fibrosis"). Mutations from the Cystic Fibrosis genes make a protein cystic fibrosis trans-membrane regulator, CFTR, which causes the chloride ions to function incorrectly. This disrupts the essential balance of salt and water needed to maintain a normal coating of mucus which affects the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and sex organs. Almost 1,400 different mutations of the CF gene can lead to Cystic Fibrosis (Goldman). The most common inherited gene is Delta F508, which is...

5 Types of Unnecessary Hyphenation

5 Types of Unnecessary Hyphenation 5 Types of Unnecessary Hyphenation 5 Types of Unnecessary Hyphenation By Mark Nichol The sentences below, each followed by a discussion and a revision, illustrate various ways in which a hyphen is used extraneously. 1. He adds that cities should be forced to follow a federally-defined law pertaining to what kinds of benefits restaurants should be required to provide to their employees. Because adverbial phrases such as â€Å"federally defined† (where the adverb federally modifies the adjective defined, which in turn modifies a noun) so closely resemble adjectival phrases such as â€Å"little known† (where the adjectives little and known combine to modify a noun), and phrases in the latter category are usually hyphenated before a noun, adverbial phrases are also often (incorrectly) hyphenated. Here, as in the case of all adverbial phrases ending in -ly, â€Å"federally defined† is not hyphenated: â€Å"He adds that cities should be forced to follow a federally defined law pertaining to what kinds of benefits restaurants should be required to provide to their employees.† (However, flat adverbs- those lacking the -ly ending- are hyphenated to an adjective when the adverbial phrase precedes a noun, such as â€Å"high ranking.† 2. Most of them are small- and medium-sized cities many people may never have heard of. Small is followed by a hyphen here as if it constitutes a case of suspended hyphenation, where a repetition (in this case) of sized is implied, but the two elements modifying cities are not â€Å"small sized† and â€Å"medium sized,† but rather small and â€Å"medium sized,† so the hyphen after small is erroneous: â€Å"Most of them are small and medium-sized cities many people may never have heard of.† 3. The film was among the highest-grossing that year. A phrasal adjective is generally not hyphenated when it follows the noun it modifies: â€Å"The film was among the highest grossing that year.† (Alternatively, retain the hyphen but insert a synonym for the noun after the phrasal adjective, as in â€Å"The film was among the highest-grossing releases that year.†) 4. The developers proposed to phase-in that part of the project over the course of several years. â€Å"Phase in† consists of a verb and a preposition, which have no need of a hyphen to signal their interrelationship: â€Å"The developers proposed to phase in that part of the project over the course of several years.† (This error likely exists as a result of a confusion of the phrase with its use as an adjectival phrase, where a hyphen is valid, and as the noun phase-in, similar to built-in.) 5. Jones is a past-president of the organization. In this sentence, past is an adjective modifying president, and as such, it should not be attached to the word it modifies: â€Å"Jones is a past president of the organization.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?How to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

Free Essays on American Dream In “The Great Gatsby“

Jay Gatsby, the main character of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby symbolizes the American dream. In the 1920’s, the American Dream was something that everyone struggled to have. A spouse, children, money, a big house and a car meant that someone had succeeded in life. A very important belief was that money could buy you anything. One look at Gatsby’s past and it could be seen that he was destined to get ahead in life. Gatsby’s determination to gain a large amount of wealth is a huge part of the American dream. He believes that once he achieved his financial goal it would lead to a better life. Jay Gatsby thinks money is the answer to anything he encounters. He has the best of everything. The nicest car, the largest house, and the finest clothes. Jay has everything except what he most desires, Daisy. Appearance is another important factor in the American dream. In his quest to win Daisy’s heart Gatsby chooses to wear his best outfit. Gatsby is so proud of his clothes that when Daisy visits his mansion, â€Å"He took out a pile of shirts and began throwing them, one by one, before us, shirts of sheer linen and thick silk and fine flannel†¦ While we admired he brought more and the soft rich heap mounted higher-shirts with stripes and scrolls and plaids in coral and apple-green and lavender and faint orange, with monograms of indian blue.† Gatsby’s shirts are more then just garments to him. They are some of the many objects he possesses that were created by money. These shirts contribute towards Gatsby’s vision of the American dream, that his money and belongings will create happiness for him. Another major object of American dream was to own a large house. Gatsby says to Nick and Daisy, â€Å"My house looks well, doesn’t it? See how the whole front of it catches the light†. He gave Nick and Daisy the grand tour of his house, showing off all of his â€Å"worldly† possessions. Room after room, everything was shown ... Free Essays on American Dream In â€Å"The Great Gatsbyâ€Å" Free Essays on American Dream In â€Å"The Great Gatsbyâ€Å" Jay Gatsby, the main character of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby symbolizes the American dream. In the 1920’s, the American Dream was something that everyone struggled to have. A spouse, children, money, a big house and a car meant that someone had succeeded in life. A very important belief was that money could buy you anything. One look at Gatsby’s past and it could be seen that he was destined to get ahead in life. Gatsby’s determination to gain a large amount of wealth is a huge part of the American dream. He believes that once he achieved his financial goal it would lead to a better life. Jay Gatsby thinks money is the answer to anything he encounters. He has the best of everything. The nicest car, the largest house, and the finest clothes. Jay has everything except what he most desires, Daisy. Appearance is another important factor in the American dream. In his quest to win Daisy’s heart Gatsby chooses to wear his best outfit. Gatsby is so proud of his clothes that when Daisy visits his mansion, â€Å"He took out a pile of shirts and began throwing them, one by one, before us, shirts of sheer linen and thick silk and fine flannel†¦ While we admired he brought more and the soft rich heap mounted higher-shirts with stripes and scrolls and plaids in coral and apple-green and lavender and faint orange, with monograms of indian blue.† Gatsby’s shirts are more then just garments to him. They are some of the many objects he possesses that were created by money. These shirts contribute towards Gatsby’s vision of the American dream, that his money and belongings will create happiness for him. Another major object of American dream was to own a large house. Gatsby says to Nick and Daisy, â€Å"My house looks well, doesn’t it? See how the whole front of it catches the light†. He gave Nick and Daisy the grand tour of his house, showing off all of his â€Å"worldly† possessions. Room after room, everything was shown ...

Aircraft Drawings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aircraft Drawings - Essay Example The drawing of Fokker IIV aircraft also has an installation drawing section. Installation section is the last in the working drawing of the aircraft. It provides all the necessary information for a part in its final position in the aircraft. It reveals dimensions for the location of specific parts with reference to useful dimensions in the workshop. In explaining the principle of operation, a schematic diagram is the most suitable. The mechanic installing the aircraft must have a comprehensive understanding and interpretation of the symbols and follow the schematic diagram flow. Mechanics should also understand the concept of wiring diagrams in the aircraft drawings. Wiring diagrams show electrical wiring and circuit operations. They have identification codes that applies to all electrical appliances and devices used in an aircraft (Faa, 2001, p. 15). The knowledge of wiring diagrams and schematics is very crucial to technicians mandated to repair and install electricity. Wire charts also the technicians to understand the flow sequence of events. Troubleshooting flow charts and logic flow charts are the categories of charts with distinguished functions. It is imperative for technicians installing and repairing the aircrafts and electrical appliances to learn and understand its

Christopher Brumfits British Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christopher Brumfits British Studies - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that â€Å"British Studies† by Christopher Brumfit examines the growing interest in British studies from various points of view— the curriculum developer, teacher-mediator, students from within the UK and from outside, and from an omniscient socio-cultural, economic, political, and philosophical vantage view. As stated by Brumfit, â€Å"†¦ the learners construct their own meanings by a process of engagement with appropriate data.† The writing of this analysis is the researcher's engagement with data. Further, according to Brumfit, â€Å"†¦ construction of effective meaning depends on being able to integrate new understanding with the sets of categories that are already used to deal with the previous experience. This paper illustrates that thus learning depends on the interaction between the new and the old.† The present research has identified that although Brumfit said this within the context of the st udents’ learning about Britain as integrated with the knowledge and understanding they already have, the researcher find it worthy to cite this premise, because it is also within this mindset that he is doing this critical analysis of the generic British studies, not Brumfit’s â€Å"British Studies,† as critical analysis of the latter also invites reading of many other equally interesting sources.... (BritishCouncil.org) The 1991 British Council list of library materials includes books on economics, education, geography, language, law, literature, politics, science, religion, sports and theatre along with customs, food, monarchy, television, and other less serious topics. (Brumfit 45). More than the content of the studies, what matters more is the realistic assessment of what the learners bring to the study in the beginning (Brumfit 51) such as their understanding of their own culture, specifically in the case of foreign students, as well as their understanding of the British culture. Why study Britain To perpetuate the vested interest of the powerful Brumfit's work is full of complexities and ambiguities, presenting so much ideas without sewing them up with a single thread that will unify and conclude into something concrete and optimistic. It is fortunate that clear goals and constant purpose have been achieved by the government for British studies now and up to 2010 and beyond. In the 28-page Making a World of Difference (2006) publication by the British Council, it can be gathered that British studies is intercultural and for the sake of the changing world. The purpose is to build mutually beneficial relationships between people in the UK and other countries. Some 10,000 influential young people in the UK and a range of other countries will have the skills and relationships to take the world community into a new era of intercultural exchange and understanding. British studies has come to mean the study of Britain by foreign students. The policy makers, with the support of universities have intended this to be so because of these crucial 21st century UK imperatives-the growing importance of the relation with China, India, and

Managing Change at Faslane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Change at Faslane - Essay Example Faslane requires managed change that would find this company at a better position compared to its previous state. To begin with, Faslane was entirely operating under the watch of Ministry of Defense and the Royal Navy. Due to need to cut costs and retain operations at the top of the base’s interest, Faslane introduced change that enabled the company decide to establish partnering program with an independent entity that would help reduce the cost of operations and at the same time provide the most effective services. Therefore, Faslane collaborated with Babcock, a subsidiary branch of Babcock International. The Ministry of Defense signed this partnership with Babcock in 2002 that would last for five years (Schank, 2005:17). Babcock’s task, under the charge of John Howie, was to deliver cost savings of $76 million without affecting the activities or services provided to the UK Navy. In this case, Faslane took measures that would manage their strategies with absolute effic iency since the cut cost would come to Babcock in form profits. Subsequently, Faslane introduced change that it managed by contracting an independent company that would ensure delivery of effective and quality services at a lower cost. In addition, Faslane comprises of a large number of employees and cost of maintaining them is always high. Therefore, in order to make sure it cuts costs to the lowest amount possible, it seconded Babcock close to 300 Royal Navy personnel and over 1,000 civil servants. It also left the remaining number of civil servants within the site together with the police, Royal Marines, and sailors to Babcock (Gapes, 2010:114). This change of reducing the number of employees under Faslane watch ensured easier and cheaper management of the company. With respect to these alterations, it is clear that change is manageable at Faslane provided the kind of change introduced maintains the best interests of the company and adheres to its protocol. Furthermore, the strat egy Faslane used to manage change was competent since its changing styles resulted in the company’s transition of mindset. This is because; collaborating with Babcock would ensure that Babcock changed the mindset of all the previous employees present at the site. As elaborated, these employees were mostly civilians who worked at the site for quite a long time and had established empires. This deterred them from seeing the importance of delivering service to the Royal Navy, which is their customer. Hence, for Babcock to achieve its set goals and objectives, it was necessary to change the mindset of these employees who guarded the submarines as well as the ships. Changing the mindset would incorporate means of delivering service at the lowest possible expenditure (Schank, 2005:21). This means that, even if Babcock does not renew its contract at the end of five years, Faslane employees would still have the knowhow of cutting costs and ensuring effectiveness at the same time. Thu s, strategic management of change at Faslane is long-term figurative. Previously, if there were any change at Faslane would take 56 days for it to reach approval. This was due to strings attached by government officials such as politicians. Therefore, to some extent, Faslane had its hands tied up by unscrupulous and lengthy procedures. Nevertheless, after Faslane introduced a strategic management change that witnessed the establishment of a partnership between them and Babcock,

Choose 2 questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choose 2 questions - Assignment Example The law that I would want reviewed or repealed is the antitrust laws. This is because they need to elaborate to ensure that they make way for the organizations to be accountable. The act has a loophole because competing hospital system can decide to come together and share pricing information meaning that they will impose more money on the patients. However, under the Sherman Act section one it is illegal to raise prices, but when hospital organizations come together to lower prices they cannot be held accountable (Harris & American Bar Association, 2001). Therefore, it is imperative that the federal government corrects that mistake to ensure that the hospital organizations are regulated to ensure that they do not overprice their patients. This is because some of them may not even have the ability to pay for the little that is being asked by the hospital. Additionally, the issue of raising prices because of market dominance is not a role given to the Medicare as they set their prices unilaterally. Case law in the health care system have played a major role as precedents. This is because the federal and state courts have used them as reference to establish whether they have the same legal basis; hence, making it easy for them to solve problems. For example, the case of Roe v. Wade has helped many jurisdiction to determine whether it is morally and ethically right to terminate a pregnancy and at what stage (Hyatt & Hopkins, 2012). This case has allowed the enactment of statutes that have safeguarded and guarantee the equal rights of women. Therefore, without the case law the justice system would delay in finding the correct way to make a ruling. For that reason, it is clear that case laws in the health care system have an imperative role in creating precedents that can be used. In my opinion, the case law that should be

Data Mining for Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Data Mining for Auditing - Essay Example However, with increased use of databases, comes a new challenge: how to make sense of the abundant data Auditors are overwhelmed with massive collection of data. Omnipresent personal computers, low cost multi-gigabyte disks, ubiquitous electronics and new generation database languages have made it very simple for companies to capture data and save it without any worries of loss of space, time or computing power. This benefit of databases to companies is also the bane to auditors. However, the effective utilisation of one robust technology will bring sense to the chaos generated by databases: Data Mining. Data Mining aims at converting data to sensible information. It intends to extract information from the data repositories in a manner as needed by the auditor. The auditors, with the help of data mining techniques can 'mine' for the relevant information needed to perform their assessment without having to bother about the irrelevant data. This report aims at analysing the benefits brought about by applying data mining technologies to auditing. As a part of the process of analysing the benefits, the paper also presents the technological overview of data mining, the problem faced by auditors and the tools and techniques data mining provides to alleviate the problems. Auditing: An Introduction to the Problem Domain Auditing is commonly defined as the process of accumulating and analysing information to detect the degree of conformance of the information with the pre-set criteria (Arens & Loebbecke, 2000). During its inception, auditing was an activity performed only to check financial compliance with the goals set. However today, it is an activity that is carried rigorously across all the domains of an enterprise. Auditing involves analysing the information from all departments including manufacturing, operations, human resource, finance and other verticals. Generally, companies hire independent auditors from outside the company to ascertain whether the statements of the company are in conformity with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). However auditing is facing very tough challenges. The demise of major companies such as Enron and Anderson are live examples to limn the depth of negative impact that can be brought about by improper auditing. The complexity of business transactions coupled with investor's complex business practises to gain more profits makes the job of an auditor very challenging (Vijayalakshmi, 2003). To ensure that an objective assessment is reached, an auditor must be presented with data at all levels. The company creates huge databases of statements, records and other data that an auditor is expected to analyse. However due to timing and cost constraints, auditors can not examine every detail behind the stacks of records. With massive improvements in technology such as the development of Supply Chain Management Systems and Enterprise Resource Planning applications, the amount of business transactions performed everyday has grown exponentially. Since, in most cases, a company hires an

Business law- legal issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business law- legal issue - Essay Example A problem usually arises where promoters of a limited liability with different financial muscles and capabilities are unable to agree on corporate affairs. Majority shareholders may think of excluding the minority shareholders and they begin carrying out the activities of the corporate as their individual business but under the veil of incorporation. The minority shareholders are such that if they hold less than 50% of the share of the company and they do not have controlling shares. Also they could also have majority shares but without a voting right. It is at this juncture that the minority shareholders may feel that there is unfair treatment and by the majority shareholders (Joffe, 2011). The minority shareholders are likely to seek various remedies available to them under the law. Minority shareholders may be oppressed in various ways which include but not limited to the; denial of involvement in management of the company, denial of fringe benefits such as scholarships by the com pany, denial of business with the company even where they don’t participate in the procurement and tendering process. The majority shareholder may also misapply the funds and capital of the company for their own benefit to the detriment of the company and minority shareholders. ... The first remedy may involve a derivative Suit. This is as general rule where a company should sue and be sued in its own name. The company should protect its own rights from third parties and even from individual officers and majority shareholders. Institution of suit, more often than not will require a resolution of the shareholders or by the directors. However it must be appreciated that a company can only act through its agents to wit directors. However whenever the majority shareholders or directors unreasonably refuses to institute legal proceedings against a party so as to protect the interests of the company, the minority shareholders are allowed to institute a suit so as to protect the rights of the company. Such a suit is known as derivative action. There are a number of reasons why the directors are refusing to initiate proceeding such as the suit would be adverse to one of the directors, or an officer of the company. This suit may also be instituted where the directors ar e in breach of fiduciary relationship (Hughes, Pendleton and Toren, n.d). The shareholder(s) instituting these proceedings must show that their intention is to protect the interests of the company and the suit is not being used to blackmail the company to either do or omit to a thing. The shareholder(s) must also show that the company stands to suffer prejudice if the derivative suit is not instituted. It is important to note that this suit is usually brought under the name of the company at the instance of shareholders against the interest of the majority shareholders and the directors. This suit can also be brought against a director or an officer.

Choose 2 questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choose 2 questions - Assignment Example The law that I would want reviewed or repealed is the antitrust laws. This is because they need to elaborate to ensure that they make way for the organizations to be accountable. The act has a loophole because competing hospital system can decide to come together and share pricing information meaning that they will impose more money on the patients. However, under the Sherman Act section one it is illegal to raise prices, but when hospital organizations come together to lower prices they cannot be held accountable (Harris & American Bar Association, 2001). Therefore, it is imperative that the federal government corrects that mistake to ensure that the hospital organizations are regulated to ensure that they do not overprice their patients. This is because some of them may not even have the ability to pay for the little that is being asked by the hospital. Additionally, the issue of raising prices because of market dominance is not a role given to the Medicare as they set their prices unilaterally. Case law in the health care system have played a major role as precedents. This is because the federal and state courts have used them as reference to establish whether they have the same legal basis; hence, making it easy for them to solve problems. For example, the case of Roe v. Wade has helped many jurisdiction to determine whether it is morally and ethically right to terminate a pregnancy and at what stage (Hyatt & Hopkins, 2012). This case has allowed the enactment of statutes that have safeguarded and guarantee the equal rights of women. Therefore, without the case law the justice system would delay in finding the correct way to make a ruling. For that reason, it is clear that case laws in the health care system have an imperative role in creating precedents that can be used. In my opinion, the case law that should be

Business law- legal issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business law- legal issue - Essay Example A problem usually arises where promoters of a limited liability with different financial muscles and capabilities are unable to agree on corporate affairs. Majority shareholders may think of excluding the minority shareholders and they begin carrying out the activities of the corporate as their individual business but under the veil of incorporation. The minority shareholders are such that if they hold less than 50% of the share of the company and they do not have controlling shares. Also they could also have majority shares but without a voting right. It is at this juncture that the minority shareholders may feel that there is unfair treatment and by the majority shareholders (Joffe, 2011). The minority shareholders are likely to seek various remedies available to them under the law. Minority shareholders may be oppressed in various ways which include but not limited to the; denial of involvement in management of the company, denial of fringe benefits such as scholarships by the com pany, denial of business with the company even where they don’t participate in the procurement and tendering process. The majority shareholder may also misapply the funds and capital of the company for their own benefit to the detriment of the company and minority shareholders. ... The first remedy may involve a derivative Suit. This is as general rule where a company should sue and be sued in its own name. The company should protect its own rights from third parties and even from individual officers and majority shareholders. Institution of suit, more often than not will require a resolution of the shareholders or by the directors. However it must be appreciated that a company can only act through its agents to wit directors. However whenever the majority shareholders or directors unreasonably refuses to institute legal proceedings against a party so as to protect the interests of the company, the minority shareholders are allowed to institute a suit so as to protect the rights of the company. Such a suit is known as derivative action. There are a number of reasons why the directors are refusing to initiate proceeding such as the suit would be adverse to one of the directors, or an officer of the company. This suit may also be instituted where the directors ar e in breach of fiduciary relationship (Hughes, Pendleton and Toren, n.d). The shareholder(s) instituting these proceedings must show that their intention is to protect the interests of the company and the suit is not being used to blackmail the company to either do or omit to a thing. The shareholder(s) must also show that the company stands to suffer prejudice if the derivative suit is not instituted. It is important to note that this suit is usually brought under the name of the company at the instance of shareholders against the interest of the majority shareholders and the directors. This suit can also be brought against a director or an officer.

Plate Tectonics Essay Example for Free

Plate Tectonics Essay The theory of Plate Tectonics covers the extent on how the Earth moves and performs. Findings in the mid 1960s show that the theory is one of the reasons why magnetism, wide distribution of volcanoes, earthquakes, plants, and animal fossils are existing up to the present. The plates usually wriggle like a spinning wheel that they sometimes smash into each other causing a major impact on the Earth’s floor. Likewise, the Plate Tectonics is identified as one of the causes of long-term climate changes, distribution of abound organisms, mountain building, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other major effects of the movement of the continents. As some theorists would explain, the plates composing the Lithosphere, the outer portion of the earth, move around the Earth’s crust which is embedded with continents on it. The plates beneath the continents may share out and cause a crack or a hole in the continental outer shell that fills the sea water. It was found out then that the global temperatures, after the movement, keep rising that could melt most mountain glaciers which will cause a rise in the sea level. This unusual phenomena of changing sea water, atmospheric conditions, and the Earth’s temperature bring forth the evolution of abound organisms, existence of mountain building, earthquakes, volcanic eruption and other extreme changes in the Earth’s floor. The Plate Tectonics caused major impacts on the ocean water. And because of this, the Atlantic Ocean is becoming largely extensive. But as some would see, the earth is sphere-shaped, thus, there should be a place where the entire changes of Atlantic Oceana will meet together. Scholars are afraid that this place will be in the Pacific Ocean and it will become smaller as the movement of continents goes by. Most areas that will be affected are those that are located along subduction zones bringing forth western North America and Asia to come closer together. In the long run, the Pacific Ocean will completely close while Asia and North America will meet up and form a new super continent.

Definitions And Concepts Heritage Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay

Definitions And Concepts Heritage Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay This Chapter provides some definitions and concepts concerning the heritage building conservation. It outlines previous researches related to objectives of this research. In addition, the Chapter summarises past researches conducted on the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames, world heritage site, Libya. Theory of conservation, laws and international legislations, and international organisations that have an interest with heritage buildings are also discussed in this Chapter. 2.2 Definitions and Concepts 2.2.1 Heritage Buildings Heritage buildings are defined as those which are old and significant either in terms of architecture or of history (Chien, 1992). Heritage buildings are also defined as existing buildings with significant cultural value to society (CIB Commission, 2010). Feilden, (1994) defines heritage building in his book, Conservation of historic buildings, that building which gives us a feeling of admiration and make us need to know more about the people who lived in this building and their culture as well as knowing its beautiful, historic, archaeological, economic, social, and political value. At the beginning of last century and after signing the Venice charter in 1964 for architectural conservation, the heritage building concept has been extended to include all buildings that have architectural value and cultural. The architectural conservation concept has also been extended. It has not been limited on archaeological landmarks and religious and palaces as was in the past; but according to Itma (2007), the buildings that should be conserved have been divided into two main types: 1. Monuments: They are important buildings correlated with a collective humanitarian value on international, regional, or denominational religious level, and to conserve them, their original case must be retained without any change, this can be applied only to archaeology and some distinctive architectural buildings such as the Dome of the Rock Jerusalem (Kobbat Assakhra- Kodos) in Palestine and Colosseum in Rome, Italy. 2. Documentary buildings: They are considered as documentation for historic phases of a heritage area. In general they have less historic value than the previous buildings due to their availability in several areas around the world. They usually are found in heritage centres for old cities and towns. According to UNESCO World Heritage Website, (30 December 2012), UNESCOs Convention related to the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) has defined and classified cultural heritage as follows: Monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; Groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; Sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view. Deciding how old a building must be in order to be called heritage is difficult. In some places, 100 years old is heritage, while in other places, maybe 50 years old is enough. However, based on the Italian Law, Itma (2007) classified buildings as heritage buildings if their age is more than 50 years. 2.2.2 Approach of Architectural Conservation Strategies for action are being identified in present time in the field of preservation and restoration for heritage buildings according to international standards created by UNESCO, whether through International Conventions issued by International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) or through versions of International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) and conventions issued by World Heritage Centre (WHC), where standard definitions for methods of cultural properties preservation and standards have been issued. Generally, there are seven (7) approaches in a conservation program, used individually or a combination, depend on the circumstances and objectives of a conservation project. In the following subsections, some approaches of a conservation program are explored. 2.2.2.1 Conservation Heritage building conservation can be described by many words. According to Norlizaiha Harun (2011), conservation is a technical activity towards heritage buildings. It includes physical action to preserve the fabric and construction material of the heritage buildings. It is a process to prevent decay and the action is aiming to prolong the life of the buildings. An article, Historic preservation projects can be green, by Wishkoski (2006), defines conservation as a process that preserves, protects and maintains during physical change. The International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites in its Venice Charter (1964) describes the process of conserving a historical monument as: it implies preserving a setting which is not out of scale. Wherever the traditional setting exists, it must be kept. No new construction, demolition or modification which would alter the relations of mass and colour must be allowed. Burra Charter Article 1.4, (1990), defines cons ervation as all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance. 2.2.2.2 Preservation Preservation is a process aiming to stop the deterioration, decay or dilapidation state. It provides structural safety and should be carried out only in such a way that evidence of the construction or use of the fabric would not be obscured (Norlizaiha Harun, 2011). According to Civic Amenities Act, (1967) as quoted by Farayune Hajjar (2008), preservation is to protect individual buildings, structures and other artefacts that were preserved because of their relation to the great figures from the nations heritage. Moreover, it was concerned with groups of historic buildings, townscape, and the spaces between buildings. Preservation is also concerned with limiting change, and the conservation is about the inevitability of change and the management of that change. 2.2.2.3 Restoration The Burra Charter (1999) as referred in Article 1.7, defines the restoration approach as returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material. The Venice Charter (1964) as referred in Article 9, defines the process of restoration as a highly specialised operation that aims to preserve and reveal the aesthetic and historic value of the monument with the main focus on respect for original materials and authentic documents. Accordingly, Restoration is the process of returning a building to its original condition at a specific time period. It should work from actual evidence, as stated in the secretary of interiors guidelines (See Appendix C Standard no. 6) that repair or replacement of missing architectural features should be based on accurate duplications of features, substantiated by historic, physical, or pictorial evidence rather than on conjectural designs or the avai lability of different architectural elements from other buildings or structure. Therefore, the restoration in any case must be preceded and followed by an archaeological and historical study of the monument (Venice Charter, 1964). 2.2.2.4 Reconstruction Reconstruction Approach means the building of a historic structure using replicated design and/or materials. This approach is taken when a historic structure no longer exists but needs to be physically in place for contextual reasons. Reconstruction means also returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric (Burra Charter, Article1.8, 1999). Additionally, according to Appleton Charter, (1983) reconstruction means recreation of vanished or irreversibly deteriorated resources. 2.2.2.5 Rehabilitation Rehabilitation in general means that there is a good previous case of an object, then this case has deteriorated due to certain reasons or by the passage of the time. Therefore, this object has become unfit for the modern era and needs to carry out some modifications. These modifications make this object able to continue and perform its functions again with retaining its original value. In particular, architectural rehabilitation means a series of stages of rebuilding a building to its original case to perform its old functions or a suitable new function. In other words, it means repairing and developing the building by preserving its parts and components that possess historical, architectural and cultural values during the eras in which the building has passed since its construction. This means finding a new function for the building that makes the building useful and usable, and at the same time able to continue to insure the existence of people who perform maintenance works (Itma, 2007). According to Tyler, (1994), rehabilitation describes a suitable approach when existing historic features are damaged or deteriorated but modifications can be made to update portions of the structure, even rehabilitating the building for a new purpose. When rehabilitation is chosen as the appropriate intervention technique, alterations or additions may be made, but they should not be confused with original historic elements. 2.2.2.6 Maintenance Maintenance means the continuous protective care of the fabric and setting of a place, and is to be distinguished from repair. The repair involves restoration or reconstruction (Burra Charter, Article 1.5, 1990). Maintenance can also be defined as some work focuses on retaining a property in good working condition by repairing features as soon as deterioration becomes apparent, using procedures that preserve the original character and finish of the features. In some cases, preventive maintenance is carried out before noticeable deterioration. Maintaining properties in good condition often assures that more aggressive (and expensive) measures of rehabilitation, restoration, or reconstruction are not needed at some future date (Denver Landmark Preservation Commission Planning and Development Office, 1995). 2.2.2.7 Renovation Renovation is refurbishing and/or adding to the appearance of an original building or elements of a building in an attempt to renew its appearance in keeping with contemporary tastes and perceptions of conservation (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 2008). Renovation means also to improve by repair, to revive, and thereby enhance the usefulness and appearance of the building. The basic character and significant features are respected and preserved, but some alterations may also take place. Alterations that are made are generally reversible, should future owners wish to restore the building to its original design. The words rehabilitation and renovation are often used interchangeably (Denver Landmark Preservation Commission Planning and Development Office, 1995). 2.2.3 Conservation Guidelines The design guidelines are prepared to assist property owners, developers, architects, and designers of projects. In other words, they are written to be used by the city planners, Landmarks Commission, architects and developers, and especially the property owners, tenants, and construction trades who may be doing work on an older or heritage building in a city (Williams Elmer, 2010). They offer suggestions for conservation of heritage buildings and compatible new design to maintain buildings historic identity. According to Gioulis (1997), these guidelines are intended to: Increase public awareness of the value of historic architecture and the importance of design issues. Help reinforce the character of heritage buildings and protect their overall appearance. Preserve the integrity of designated heritage areas. Assist property owners and architects in making basic design decisions. Improve the quality of development. Protect the value of public and private investment. 2.3 Purpose of the Design Guidelines Organisation The guidelines are to assist in making improvements to the exterior of eligible residential, commercial, industrial, institutional and agricultural heritage properties, and are not to be interpreted as bylaw requirements. According to Heritage Restoration Grant Program (2009), guidelines for building conservation have two objectives: Ensuring the long-term stability of the building, in terms of its economic viability, structural improvements and compliance with building codes, when applicable. Restoration and retention of the architectural features which caused the building to be originally approved for assistance. The guidelines help protect the overall character of the heritage buildings by emphasizing preservation of architectural styles, building character, original features and streetscape elements that make up the communitys unique collection of heritage buildings. They provide background information and recommendations to help guide the appropriate conservation work and alterations to existing buildings. For additions, new construction and site work, they emphasize the compatibility of new buildings or features with existing or established historic character (Williams Elmer, 2010). 2.4 Assessment of the Current Level of Heritage Conservation and Building Defects Some previous studies reviewed the conservation activities and assessed the existing conditions of heritage buildings with taking into consideration, the conditions of building defects and conservation approach used for these buildings. For example, in Malaysia S. Johar et al (2009) reviewed the conservation activities on a traditional old mosque in Malaysia. They studied the concept and importance of conservation in general, the conservation activities on heritage buildings and mosque in Malaysia, and the approaches used for conserving to preserve the Muslims house of worship. They found that the four key conservation principles namely minimal intervention, conducting scientific research and laboratories testing, documentation of conservation work and applying effective methods and techniques for conservation. Meanwhile for conservation program, the seven approaches are preservation, reproduction, restoration, maintenance, redevelopment, rehabilitation and consolidation. Several app roaches are normally adopted for one building conservation project. Whats most important is the justification in adopting the approaches so that it complies with one of the key conservation principle, namely minimal intervention. Other research also in Malaysia by A Ghafar Ahmad et al. (2008) highlighted the existing conditions of heritage buildings in Malaysia with the main focus on the conditions of building defects and conservation approach to these buildings. The study conducted a pilot survey on several heritage towns and cities based on the existing heritage trail in Malaysia. The broad objective of this pilot survey was to examine the level of building defects and the location of building defects that normally occur in various types of historical buildings in Malaysia. At the same time, it also looked into the conservation approaches that has been done to these heritage buildings either the method are acceptable according to the basic principles and philosophy of building conservation. The study found that Malaysia faces several problems in dealing with the issues of heritage buildings. In addition, Hashimah Ismail Shuhana Shamsuddin (2005) highlighted the qualities that support the old shophouses as part of Malaysian heritage. They examined these qualities from two broad aspects, namely contribution to urban form and aesthetic aspects. They sought to highlight the strength of the old shophouses and the impending factors that threaten the continuous presence of these heritages building Malaysian town. The findings indicate that the practice of conserving the old shophouses is still not effective. A more effective measure in preserving the old shop houses needs to be undertaken. A research by Alattar, (2010), investigated a number of issues involved in the conservation process of the urban heritage of central Baghdad, which encompasses a unique collection of urban forms that belong to different phases of Baghdads history. Her study of the conservation efforts in this area revealed the appreciation of the built heritage and the will to maintain them. On the other hand, it disclosed the uncertainty of the strategies and tools utilised in the conservation process. Itma (2007) presented the situations of conservation projects in Palestine especially in the city of Nablus, by shedding light on the local institutions of labour in the domain of architectural conservation, and their important projects since the agreement of Oslo until 2007. He proved that there was not a complete or an extensive project of conservation in the old city of Nablus, during the mentioned period, but only small projects of maintaining and optimizing the old destroyed buildings. In addition, there was a very limited number of conservation projects conducted on some important heritage buildings in the old city of Nablus, Palestine. Mokadi (2008) highlighted the architectural and physical fabric of the throne villages in Palestine. The study attempted to study the historical centre of Deir Estia as a case study for the throne villages. That is to say, the study attempted to highlight the aspects of shortage and suffering, recent attempts of development, focusing on the available factors that can support establishing a tourism track which can cooperate in keeping the centre and enhancing the economic level, and to achieve building a strategy of developing that area. The study found that the throne is now facing rapid change of its physical fabric as a result of political, economic, social, and planning factors, in addition to the shortage of awareness level for the Palestinian character and values. Swilem (2008) aimed at keeping on the sustainability of the popular markets and conserve them as an economical cultural and tourist aspect. Her research attempted also to find solutions to the current market problems as well as to motivate investment in the popular markets through creating job opportunities and investment opportunities. She found that the traditional streets suffer from some problems. To overcome on these problems, the researcher suggested some strategies and policies to achieve sustainable development for the traditional streets. 2.5 Conservation Guidelines of Heritage Buildings Conservation guidelines for developing and utilizing heritage building must be created to protect these buildings from random works that influencing the historic value of a heritage building. Preparation of the conservation guidelines helps guide the development of heritage area as well as the development of heritage buildings and lots located within a heritage area. At the same time, these guidelines guide the conservation of this underutilized area into one of vibrant urban destinations. The guidelines direct development of the site; chiefly its public places, individual buildings and lots. This controls the utilization of heritage and new buildings for uses that will conserve as well as indirectly preserve the area and its heritage buildings. Several previous studies established conservation guidelines of heritage buildings. Alattar, (2010), explored the references for heritage understanding other than the physical structure, including culture, history, and traditions. The researcher tried to promote the awareness of all heritage aspects, and developed guidelines for a strategy that considers all active elements of the historical experience and provided a sustainable framework for future conservation plans for heritage buildings in Baghdad. Farayune (2008) provided the design guidelines of conservation Jakarta Kota as a heritage area, which improves and enhances the physical element and environment facilities. It is also in the revival Jakarta heritage area to become attractive place and tourism place in Jakarta. The design guidelines were based on the survey and analysis of the study area. The study found that conservation of Jakarta Kota was not only about conservation and preservation of the heritage building, but also about some aspects that need to be put on focus such as social, economic, culture, people activities and environmental facilities. These things can encourage the Jakarta Kota Area to be liveable. Abu-Hantash N. A. (2007) investigated the issue of adaptation of traditional residential buildings to contemporary needs. Her study was an attempt towards the development of a general policy for conservation and adaptation of traditional residential buildings in the heritage centre of Palestinian cities. The study demonstrated the high potentiality of the traditional house to satisfy the contemporary needs of its inhabitants. In addition, the research revealed that the modification needed varies from one building to another and are to be determined according to the building value and the level of intervention it allows. The research outlined a general policy and guidelines for housing conservation that could be applied to other heritage cities in Palestinian. In addition, Rabba I. H. (2004) examined the present reality of Dhahrieh old town by documenting its heritage monument and diagnosed the old towns problems and difficulties, in order to identify policies to safeguard its histori cal heritage. He concluded a set of policies, guidelines and suggestions to conserve the old town of Dhahrieh, Palestine. 2.6 Benefits of Conservation of Heritage Buildings Conservation of heritage buildings can generate social, economic and environmental benefits that reach far beyond the virtues of conserving a legacy for future generations. Investment in heritage properties conservation can, for instance, boost property values and tax revenues, create local jobs and skills, attract new businesses, and promote tourism (Municipal Heritage Partnership Program, 2012). The incorporation of many abandoned heritage buildings in the redevelopment process presents numerous advantages. The benefits of conservation of heritage buildings can be classified under three main topics: environmental, social, and economic (Stas, 2007). 2.6.1 Economic Benefits Conservation of heritage buildings generates economical benefits (economical returns). It represents a good way for national economic development across tourism (Itma, 2007). Conservation of a heritage building is more economic than its demolition or its rebuilding. Several economic impact studies discussed if heritage conservation yields significant benefits to the economy. In other words, these studies ask the question, Is heritage conservation considered as an economic development tool? A significant number of these studies have been undertaken across the U.S., and the answer to this question is a resounding yes-heritage conservation yields significant benefits to the economy. Rypkema (1991) compared the relative costs of building conservation versus new construction, and found that conservation makes more economic sense than new construction. Wolf et al (1999) reached the same conclusion documented by Rypkema (1991), in many cases; it is more efficient and profitable to conserve heritage buildings than construct a new building. 2.6.2 Environmental Benefits Conservation of heritage buildings generates very important benefits to the environment. A number of studies around the world have addressed this subject. Review of the literature revealed three main environmental benefits gained by conservation including: Reduction of hazardous materials; Preserving of the embodied energy; and Preserving of the Energy. 2.6.2.1 Reduction of Hazardous Materials Heritage buildings are more suitable for the environment because they have been built by using traditional materials such as mud, lime and stone. Traditional materials are natural materials. Therefore, they do not cause any pollution of the environment and also its preparations do not affect the environment. Modern building materials are generally reliant on large scale industrial processes that can emit very substantial levels of greenhouse gases, can require significant energy consumption and are often transported hundreds if not thousands of miles. For example the manufacture of cement alone accounts for 3% of greenhouse gases produced worldwide and the manufacture of PVC (Poly vinyl chloride) demands a lengthy process that requires a significant consumption of energy (Donough Cahill, 2004). A study carried out by De Sousa (2001), in the greater Toronto area, Canada found that the reduction of health risks posed by hazardous is the most important environmental benefits associated with Brownfield development. Moreover, vacant properties often contain an array of conditions such as illegal dumping, leaking, and fire hazards that pose serious threats to public health and the environment (Schilling, 2002). 2.6.2.2 Preserving of the Embodied Energy The retention of the original buildings embodied energy is one of the main environmental benefits of reusing heritage buildings. Rypkema (2005) defined the term embodied energy as the total expenditure of energy involved in the creation of the building and its constituent materials. The embodied energy can be also defined as the embodied energy is the quantity of energy required by all activities associated with a production process, including the relative proportions consumed in all activities upstream to the acquisition of natural resources and the share of energy used in making equipment and other supporting functions, i.e. Direct plus indirect energy (Treloar, 1997). Wishkoski (2006) gives an example: a heritage building with approximately 308,000 exterior bricks, each with an embodied energy value of 14,300 Thermal Units (BTU), represents 4.4 million BTUs of energy expended in the original construction of the building, or 1.3 million kilowatt hours of electricity. Planners, architects, investors, and public officials must take into consideration the energy used in the production and assembly of materials needed for new buildings, from their origin to their end of life and subsequent reuse. Conservation causes much less destruction of the natural resources than new construction. Statistics reveal that building construction consumes 40 percent of the raw materials entering the global economy every year (Bahl, 2005). Interestingly, about 85 percent of the total embodied energy in materials is used in their production and transportation (Bahl, 2005). In Australia, studies showed new buildings have much higher energy costs than buildings that are conserved. In 2001, new buildings accounted for 25 percent of wood harvest, 16 percent of fresh water supplied, 44 % of landfill, and 45 % of carbon dioxide production and up to half of the total greenhouse emissions from industrialized countries (Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2004). Besides that, demolition of buildings causes environmental loads. Whereby, the large volumes of construction waste strain landfill capacities and leads to environmental concerns. Therefore, conservation of the heritage buildings is the best resolution for this issue. Rypkema (2005) argues, the process of demolishing a historic building has a significant impact on the environment. When a building is being demolished, first, tens of thousands of dollars of embodied energy are being thrown away. Second, it is being replaced with materials vastly more consumptive of energy. Further, modern construction methods are incredibly wasteful of resources. Studies show that Up to 25 percent of the total waste generated in the United States and other countries is directly attributed to building, construction, and demolition activities (Bahl, 2005). These waste products can be environmentally hazardous and polluting, both as solids and in the atmosphere. The waster also stresses the capacity of lan dfill sites. 2.6.2.3 Preserving of the Energy. Preserving of energy is a great advantage that can be gained from conservation of heritage buildings. The old construction methods were used with taking into consideration to keep the weather out without consuming energy, namely, keeping the heritage building cooling in summer and heating in winter. When a heritage building is preserved or restored, those old cultural methods are preserved and brought back to active duty. Very likely, the old building was strategically placed to get the best orientation to the sun to make the most use of the solar energy, and the interior space and its openings were efficiently organized to keep the air circulating and cool down the space without using any sort of air conditioning and electricity. Preserving a heritage building helps avoid the consumption of additional energy by getting advantage of the old construction methods designed to cool and heat the space and keep the weather out without energy consumption (Stas, 2007). 2.6.3 Social Benefits Conservation of heritage buildings entails significant social benefits. Those benefits can be categorized under (1) Job creation, (2) Crime reduction, and (3) The sense of place factor (Stas, 2007). 2.6.3.1 Job Creation One of the social benefits for conservation of heritage building is job creation. According to Rypkema (1999), investing in vacant properties is an important tool that creates new job opportunities in communities and urban centres. Further, the labour intensity of building conservation generally means that there is a greater local economic impact in jobs and income than with the same amount spent on new construction. 2.6.3.2 Crime Reduction Abandoned heritage buildings can quickly become havens for vandals, homeless, arsonists, and drug dealers, and as a result drive down property values, taxes, and services, and discourage investment in a community. Schilling (2002) describes the effect of abandoned buildings on communities as a disease that once started it can quickly spread throughout a neighbourhood. The residents often felt unsafe walking on streets that have abandoned buildings. Local governments may succeed conserving one building but often do not have sufficient resources to keep the demand of a growing number of vacant properties. Some property owners feel helpless in trying to recruit new tenants. Property owners become less interested in investing in these neighbourhoods. Many residents eventually leave while those who remain become accustomed to blight as the neighbourhood deteriorates. This cycle continues with each new pocket of vacant and abandoned properties (Schilling, 2002). In Contrast, by conserving those vacant properties for another use, the illegal activities that used to occur in those properties will be eliminated, which will bring peace and safety back to the neighbourhood. 2.6.3.3 The Sense of Place Factor The built and natural environments are elements that express the distinctiveness of a community or a neighbourhood. Rypkema (1999) wrote about the sense of community and ownership: A sense of ownership acknowledges an individual benefit from, an individual stake in, and an individual responsibility for ones pl